Sentences: Simple, Compound, and Complex

Experienced writers use a variety of sentences to make their writing interesting and lively. Too many simple sentences, for example, will sound choppy and immature while too many long sentences will be difficult to read and hard to understand. 

This page contains definitions of simple, compound, and complex sentences with many simple examples.  The purpose of these examples is to help the ESL/EFL learner to identify sentence basics including identification of sentences in the short quizzes that follow.   After that, it will be possible to analyze more complex sentences varieties. 

SIMPLE SENTENCE

A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. In the following simple sentences, subjects are in yellow, and verbs are in green.  

A. Some students like to study in the mornings. B. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon. C. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.

The three examples above are all simple sentences.  Note that sentence B contains a compound subject, and sentence C contains a compound verb.  Simple sentences, therefore, contain a subject and verb and express a complete thought, but they can also contain a compound subjects or verbs. 

COMPOUND SENTENCE

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.) Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a comma. In the following compound sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the coordinators and the commas that precede them are in red. 

A.  I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.   B.  Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping.   C.  Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping.

The above three sentences are compound sentences.  Each sentence contains two independent clauses, and they are joined by a coordinator with a comma preceding it.  Note how the conscious use of coordinators can change the relationship between the clauses.  Sentences B and C, for example, are identical except for the coordinators.  In sentence B, which action occurred first?  Obviously, "Alejandro played football" first, and as a consequence, "Maria went shopping.  In sentence C, "Maria went shopping" first.  In sentence C, "Alejandro played football" because, possibly, he didn't have anything else to do, for or because "Maria went shopping."  How can the use of other coordinators change the relationship between the two clauses?  What implications would the use of "yet" or "but" have on the meaning of the sentence?

COMPLEX SENTENCE

A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. In the following complex sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the subordinators and their commas (when required) are in red.

A. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.   B. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error.  C. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow. D. After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies.  E. Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying.

When a complex sentence begins with a subordinator such as sentences A and D, a comma is required at the end of the dependent clause. When the independent clause begins the sentence with subordinators in the middle as in sentences B, C, and E, no comma is required. If a comma is placed before the subordinators in sentences B, C, and E, it is wrong.

Note that sentences D and E are the same except sentence D begins with the dependent clause which is followed by a comma, and sentence E begins with the independent clause which contains no comma.  The comma after the dependent clause in sentence D is required, and experienced listeners of English will often hear a slight pause there.  In sentence E, however, there will be no pause when the independent clause begins the sentence. 

COMPLEX SENTENCES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

Finally, sentences containing adjective clauses (or dependent clauses) are also complex because they contain an independent clause and a dependent clause.  The subjects, verbs, and subordinators are marked the same as in the previous sentences, and in these sentences, the independent clauses are also underlined. 

A. The woman who called my mom sells cosmetics. B. The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf. C. The house which Abraham  Lincoln was born in is still standing. D. The town where I grew up is in the United States.

Adjective Clauses are studied in this site separately, but for now it is important to know that sentences containing adjective clauses are complex.

Mẫu not only cùng với but also

Trong tiếng Anh, cấu trúc "not only" và "but also" giống như cấu trúc "không những … mà còn" trong tiếng Việt.

Ví dụ
Chị ấy không những hát mà còn nhẩy
Anh ấy không những học giỏi mà còn hát hay

Trong tiếng Anh, mẫu "not only" cùng với "but also" được dùng để kết nối hai câu, và cấu trúc này bao giờ cùng được dùng một cách cân bằng. Có nghĩa là các từ đứng sau "not only" và "but also" luôn cùng một loại từ giống nhau như tính từ, trạng từ, hoặc động từ, vv.

Cấu trúc câu có các dạng như sau:
[Chủ ngữ] + [động từ] + not only + [danh từ (noun)] + but also + [danh từ]
Ví dụ:

I like not only bananas but also apples

Tôi không những thích chuối mà thích cả táo

[Chủ ngữ] + [động từ] + not only + [tính từ (adjective)] + but also + [tính từ]
Ví dụ

She is not only beautiful but also attractive

Chị ấy không chỉ xinh đẹp mà còn rất lôi cuốn

[Chủ ngữ] + [động từ] + not only + [trạng từ (adverb)] + but also + [trạng từ]
Ví dụ

He translated not only fast but also correctly

Anh ấy dịch không những nhanh mà còn rất đúng

[Chủ ngữ] + [động từ] + not only +[cụm giới từ (prepositional phrase)] + but also + [cụm giới từ]
Ví dụ

They are not only good at mathematics but also at science

Họ không những giỏi toán mà còn môn khoa học

Hoặc
[Chủ ngữ] + not only + [động từ] + but also + [động từ]
Ví dụ

She not only sings but also dances

Chị ấy không những hát mà còn nhẩy