Vài tips cho bạn để đạt điểm cao phần thi writing:

1. sử dụng nhiều mệnh đề quan hệ
2. sử dụng nhuần nhuyễn mệnh đề if và dạng bị động
3. sử dụng dạng câu nhấn mạnh như đảo ngữ
4. sử dụng từ hay và khó

List of Adverbs

Why do you need a list of adverbs?

If you watched Schoolhouse Rock as a child, you probably remember the song Lolly, Lolly, Lolly, get your adverbs here. This catchy song told you how adverbs were at your service to enrich your language in various ways. Now that you have the tune stuck in your head, keep reading to brush up on adverbs via the handy list of adverbs.

An adverb is a modifying part of speech. It describes verbs, other adverbs, adjectives, and phrases. They are used to describe how, where, when, how often and why something happens. Here are a few examples:

Verb- The cat climbed quickly up the tree. (quickly describes how the cat climbed)

Adverb- Mike worked very carefully on his paper. (very shows how carefully he worked) Adjective- She is nearly ready to go. (nearly tells to what extent she is ready)

Adverbs of manner describe how something happens. Where there are two or more verbs in a sentence, adverb placement affects the meaning. Some commonly used adverbs of manner include:

carefully
correctly
eagerly
easily
fast
loudly
patiently
quickly
quietly
and well.

Consider the following example:

She decided to write her paper. (no adverbs) 
She quickly decided to write her paper. (her decision was quick)
She decided to write her paper quickly. (her writing was quick)

Adverbs of place describe where something happens. Most adverbs of place are also used as prepositions. Some commonly used examples include the following:

abroad
anywhere
downstairs
here
home
in
nowhere
out
outside
somewhere
there
underground
upstairs.

I wanted to go upstairs.
She has lived in the city since June. (in the city – prepositional phrase)

Adverbs of purpose describe why something happens. Here are some common examples:

so
so that
to
in order to
because
since
accidentally
intentionally
and purposely.

Jenny walks carefully to avoid falling.
Bob accidentally broke the vase.

Adverbs of frequency describe how often something happens. The following adverbs are commonly used in this way:

always
every
never
often
rarely
seldom
sometimes
and usually.

Mackenzie gets a ride from her brother every day.
The fish usually swims near the top of its tank.

Adverbs of time describe when something happens. These examples are commonly used:

after
already
during
finally
just
last
later
next
now
recently
soon
then
tomorrow
when
while
and yesterday.

He came home before dark.
It will be too dark to play outside soon.
Jessica finished her supper first.
Andy left school early.

Some adverbs often get overused, such as very, extremely, and really. Using there is/are or it is at the beginning of a sentence adds nothing. Sentences with these adverb phrases become wordy, boring, and less clear. Look at some examples:

* There are many bird species living in the sanctuary. Many bird species live in the sanctuary.
* It is important to hold hands when crossing the street. Holding hands when crossing the street is important.
* There may be more than one way to solve the problem. The problem may be solved in more than one way.

Well, did you catch all that? Recognizing the various adverbs used in the English language can take practice. Using them properly can make writing and speaking far more interesting.

Now you have a list of adverbs because you read this article carefully and thoroughly...

Adverbs of Completeness
Everywhere
here
there

List of Common Adverbs

A abnormally  absentmindedly  accidentally  acidly actually  adventurously afterwards  almost  always  angrily  annually  anxiously  arrogantly  awkwardly	B badly  bashfully  beautifully  bitterly bleakly blindly  blissfully boastfully  boldly  bravely  briefly  brightly  briskly  broadly  busily	C calmly  carefully  carelessly  cautiously  certainly cheerfully  clearly  cleverly closely  coaxingly  colorfully  commonly continually  coolly  correctly  courageously  crossly  cruelly  curiously	D daily  daintily dearly  deceivingly  delightfully deeply  defiantly  deliberately  delightfully  diligently  dimly doubtfully  dreamily	E easily  elegantly  energetically  enormously  enthusiastically  equally  especially even  evenly  eventually  exactly  excitedly  extremely
F fairly  faithfully  famously  far  fast  fatally  ferociously  fervently  fiercely  fondly  foolishly  fortunately  frankly  frantically freely frenetically  frightfully fully furiously	G generally generously gently gladly  gleefully  gracefully  gratefully greatly  greedily	H happily  hastily  healthily  heavily  helpfully  helplessly  highly  honestly  hopelessly  hourly  hungrily	I immediately  innocently  inquisitively  instantly  intensely  intently  interestingly  inwardly  irritably	J jaggedly jealously joshingly joyfully joyously  jovially jubilantly judgementally justly
K keenly kiddingly kindheartedly kindly kissingly knavishly knottily knowingly knowledgeably kookily	L lazily  less  lightly  likely  limply lively loftily longingly  loosely lovingly  loudly  loyally	M madly  majestically  meaningfully  mechanically  merrily  miserably  mockingly  monthly  more  mortally  mostly  mysteriously	N naturally  nearly  neatly needily  nervously  never  nicely noisily  not	O obediently  obnoxiously  oddly offensively officially often  only  openly  optimistically overconfidently owlishly
P painfully  partially  patiently  perfectly  physically  playfully  politely  poorly  positively potentially powerfully  promptly  properly punctually	Q quaintly quarrelsomely queasily queerly questionably questioningly quicker quickly quietly quirkily quizzically	R rapidly  rarely  readily really  reassuringly recklessly  regularly  reluctantly repeatedly  reproachfully restfully righteously rightfully rigidly  roughly  rudely	S sadly  safely  scarcely  scarily  searchingly  sedately  seemingly  seldom  selfishly  separately seriously  shakily  sharply sheepishly  shrilly  shyly  silently  sleepily  slowly  smoothly  softly solemnly  solidly sometimes  soon  speedily  stealthily  sternly  strictly successfully suddenly  surprisingly suspiciously sweetly  swiftly  sympathetically	T tenderly tensely  terribly thankfully thoroughly thoughtfully tightly tomorrow  too  tremendously triumphantly truly truthfully
U ultimately unabashedly unaccountably unbearably unethically unexpectedly  unfortunately unimpressively unnaturally unnecessarily utterly upbeat upliftingly upright upside-down upward upwardly urgently usefully uselessly usually utterly	V vacantly vaguely vainly valiantly vastly verbally very  viciously victoriously  violently vivaciously  voluntarily	W warmly weakly  wearily  well  wetly wholly wildly willfully wisely woefully wonderfully worriedly wrongly	Y yawningly yearly  yearningly yesterday yieldingly youthfully	Z zealously    zestfully     zestily

Sentences: Simple, Compound, and Complex

Experienced writers use a variety of sentences to make their writing interesting and lively. Too many simple sentences, for example, will sound choppy and immature while too many long sentences will be difficult to read and hard to understand. 

This page contains definitions of simple, compound, and complex sentences with many simple examples.  The purpose of these examples is to help the ESL/EFL learner to identify sentence basics including identification of sentences in the short quizzes that follow.   After that, it will be possible to analyze more complex sentences varieties. 

SIMPLE SENTENCE

A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. In the following simple sentences, subjects are in yellow, and verbs are in green.  

A. Some students like to study in the mornings. B. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon. C. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.

The three examples above are all simple sentences.  Note that sentence B contains a compound subject, and sentence C contains a compound verb.  Simple sentences, therefore, contain a subject and verb and express a complete thought, but they can also contain a compound subjects or verbs. 

COMPOUND SENTENCE

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.) Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a comma. In the following compound sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the coordinators and the commas that precede them are in red. 

A.  I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.   B.  Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping.   C.  Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping.

The above three sentences are compound sentences.  Each sentence contains two independent clauses, and they are joined by a coordinator with a comma preceding it.  Note how the conscious use of coordinators can change the relationship between the clauses.  Sentences B and C, for example, are identical except for the coordinators.  In sentence B, which action occurred first?  Obviously, "Alejandro played football" first, and as a consequence, "Maria went shopping.  In sentence C, "Maria went shopping" first.  In sentence C, "Alejandro played football" because, possibly, he didn't have anything else to do, for or because "Maria went shopping."  How can the use of other coordinators change the relationship between the two clauses?  What implications would the use of "yet" or "but" have on the meaning of the sentence?

COMPLEX SENTENCE

A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. In the following complex sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the subordinators and their commas (when required) are in red.

A. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.   B. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error.  C. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow. D. After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies.  E. Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying.

When a complex sentence begins with a subordinator such as sentences A and D, a comma is required at the end of the dependent clause. When the independent clause begins the sentence with subordinators in the middle as in sentences B, C, and E, no comma is required. If a comma is placed before the subordinators in sentences B, C, and E, it is wrong.

Note that sentences D and E are the same except sentence D begins with the dependent clause which is followed by a comma, and sentence E begins with the independent clause which contains no comma.  The comma after the dependent clause in sentence D is required, and experienced listeners of English will often hear a slight pause there.  In sentence E, however, there will be no pause when the independent clause begins the sentence. 

COMPLEX SENTENCES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

Finally, sentences containing adjective clauses (or dependent clauses) are also complex because they contain an independent clause and a dependent clause.  The subjects, verbs, and subordinators are marked the same as in the previous sentences, and in these sentences, the independent clauses are also underlined. 

A. The woman who called my mom sells cosmetics. B. The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf. C. The house which Abraham  Lincoln was born in is still standing. D. The town where I grew up is in the United States.

Adjective Clauses are studied in this site separately, but for now it is important to know that sentences containing adjective clauses are complex.

Mẫu not only cùng với but also

Trong tiếng Anh, cấu trúc "not only" và "but also" giống như cấu trúc "không những … mà còn" trong tiếng Việt.

Ví dụ
Chị ấy không những hát mà còn nhẩy
Anh ấy không những học giỏi mà còn hát hay

Trong tiếng Anh, mẫu "not only" cùng với "but also" được dùng để kết nối hai câu, và cấu trúc này bao giờ cùng được dùng một cách cân bằng. Có nghĩa là các từ đứng sau "not only" và "but also" luôn cùng một loại từ giống nhau như tính từ, trạng từ, hoặc động từ, vv.

Cấu trúc câu có các dạng như sau:
[Chủ ngữ] + [động từ] + not only + [danh từ (noun)] + but also + [danh từ]
Ví dụ:

I like not only bananas but also apples

Tôi không những thích chuối mà thích cả táo

[Chủ ngữ] + [động từ] + not only + [tính từ (adjective)] + but also + [tính từ]
Ví dụ

She is not only beautiful but also attractive

Chị ấy không chỉ xinh đẹp mà còn rất lôi cuốn

[Chủ ngữ] + [động từ] + not only + [trạng từ (adverb)] + but also + [trạng từ]
Ví dụ

He translated not only fast but also correctly

Anh ấy dịch không những nhanh mà còn rất đúng

[Chủ ngữ] + [động từ] + not only +[cụm giới từ (prepositional phrase)] + but also + [cụm giới từ]
Ví dụ

They are not only good at mathematics but also at science

Họ không những giỏi toán mà còn môn khoa học

Hoặc
[Chủ ngữ] + not only + [động từ] + but also + [động từ]
Ví dụ

She not only sings but also dances

Chị ấy không những hát mà còn nhẩy

present perfect

The present perfect is formed from the present tense of the verb have and the past participle of a verb:

The present perfect continuous is formed with have/has been and the -ing form of the verb:

Use

We use the present perfect tense:

• for something that started in the past and continues in the present:

They've been married for nearly fifty years.
She has lived in Liverpool all her life.

Note: We normally use the present perfect continuous for this:

She has been living in Liverpool all her life.
It's been raining for hours.

•  for something we have done several times in the past and continue to do:

I've played the guitar ever since I was a teenager.
He has written three books and he is working on another one.
I've been watching that programme every week.

We often use a clause with since to show when something started in the past:

They've been staying with us since last week.
I have worked here since I left school.
I've been watching that programme every week since it started.

• when we are talking about our experience up to the present:

Note: We often use the adverb ever to talk about experience up to the present:

My last birthday was the worst day I have ever had.

Note: and we use never for the negative form:

Have you ever met George?
Yes, but I've never met his wife.

• for something that happened in the past but is important at the time of speaking:

I can't get in the house. I've lost my keys.
Teresa isn't at home. I think she has gone shopping.
I'm tired out. I've been working all day.

 We use the present perfect of be when someone has gone to a place and returned:

A: Where have you been?
B: I've just been out to the supermarket.

A: Have you ever been to San Francisco?
B: No, but I've been to Los Angeles.

But when someone has not returned we use have/has gone:

A: Where is Maria? I haven't seen her for weeks.
B: She's gone to Paris for a week. She'll be back tomorrow.

We often use the present perfect with time adverbials which refer to the recent past:

just; only just; recently;

Scientists have recently discovered a new breed of monkey.
We have just got back from our holidays.

or adverbials which include the present:

ever (in questions); so far; until now; up to now; yet (in questions and negatives)

Have you ever seen a ghost?
Where have you been up to now?
Have you finished your homework yet?
No, so far I've only done my history.

WARNING:

We do not use the present perfect with an adverbial which refers to past time which is finished:

I have seen that film yesterday.
We have just bought a new car last week.
When we were children we have been to California.

But we can use it to refer to a time which is not yet finished:

Have you seen Helen today?
We have bought a new car this week.

The structure of the present perfect tense is:

subject	+	auxiliary verb	+	main verb
		have		past participle

Here are some examples of the present perfect tense:

	subject	auxiliary verb		main verb
+	I	have		seen	ET.
+	You	have		eaten	mine.
-	She	has	not	been	to Rome.
-	We	have	not	played	football.
?	Have	you		finished?
?	Have	they		done	it?

What is a Conjunction?

You can use a conjunction to link words, phrases, andclauses, as in the following example:

I ate the pizza and the pasta.

Call the movers when you are ready.

Co-ordinating Conjunctions

You use a co-ordinating conjunction ("and," "but," "or," "nor," "for," "so," or "yet") to join individual words, phrases, and independent clauses. Note that you can also use the conjunctions "but" and "for" as prepositions.

In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is a co-ordinating conjunction:

Lilacs and violets are usually purple.

In this example, the co-ordinating conjunction "and" links two nouns.

This movie is particularly interesting to feminist film theorists, for the screenplay was written by Mae West.

In this example, the co-ordinating conjunction "for" is used to link two independent clauses.

Daniel's uncle claimed that he spent most of his youth dancing on rooftops and swallowing goldfish.

Here the co-ordinating conjunction "and" links twoparticiple phrases ("dancing on rooftops" and "swallowing goldfish") which act as adverbs describing the verb"spends."

Subordinating Conjunctions

A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of the relationship among the independent clause(s) and the dependent clause(s).

The most common subordinating conjunctions are "after," "although," "as," "because," "before," "how," "if," "once," "since," "than," "that," "though," "till," "until," "when," "where," "whether," and "while."

Each of the highlighted words in the following sentences is a subordinating conjunction:

After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.

The subordinating conjunction "after" introduces the dependent clause "After she had learned to drive."

If the paperwork arrives on time, your cheque will be mailed on Tuesday.

Similarly, the subordinating conjunction "if" introduces the dependent clause "If the paperwork arrives on time."

Gerald had to begin his thesis over again when his computer crashed.

The subordinating conjunction "when" introduces the dependent clause "when his computer crashed."

Midwifery advocates argue that home births are safer because the mother and baby are exposed to fewer people and fewer germs.

In this sentence, the dependent clause "because the mother and baby are exposed to fewer people and fewer germs" is introduced by the subordinating conjunction "because."

Correlative Conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions always appear in pairs -- you use them to link equivalent sentence elements. The most common correlative conjunctions are "both...and," "either...or," "neither...nor,", "not only...but also," "so...as," and "whether...or." (Technically correlative conjunctions consist simply of a co-ordinating conjunction linked to an adjective or adverb.)

The highlighted words in the following sentences are correlative conjunctions:

Both my grandfather and my father worked in the steel plant.

In this sentence, the correlative conjunction "both...and" is used to link the two noun phrases that act as thecompound subject of the sentence: "my grandfather" and "my father".

Bring either a Jello salad or a potato scallop.

Here the correlative conjunction "either...or" links two noun phrases: "a Jello salad" and "a potato scallop."

Corinne is trying to decide whether to go to medical school or to go to law school.

Similarly, the correlative conjunction "whether ... or" links the two infinitive phrases "to go to medical school" and "to go to law school."

The explosion destroyed not only the school but also the neighbouring pub.

In this example the correlative conjunction "not only ... but also" links the two noun phrases ("the school" and "neighbouring pub") which act as direct objects.

Note: some words which appear as conjunctions can also appear as prepositions or as adverbs.

 

Written by Heather MacFadyen